1. Mathematical optimization, linear & integer programming, Simplex method.
2. Metaheuristics, evolutionary algorithms for optimization.
3. Genetic algorithms.
4. Ant colony optimization.
5. Particle swarm optimization.
6. Simulated annealing.
7. Harmony search.
8. Differential evolution.
9. Machine learning, artificial neural networks.
10. Fuzzy systems.
11. Multi-criteria optimization, analytic hierarchy process.
12. Applications and case studies.